INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Moreover, A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? ff>qsfN? >> One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Power Sharing Formula The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's However, that is not so in a federal government system. >> a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. 4 0 obj Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? stream and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. % It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. %PDF-1.5 Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 You are welcome dear reader. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. (Tanzi, 1996). This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. I love this article,very educating and interesting So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. /F2 9 0 R Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. History of federal system of government in nigeria. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Payment Details. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. Rt. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Historical experience 3.2 2. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: s" /Resources << examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. 2. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. 4 Topics . It is our pleasure. 7 Topics . If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. 1. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. The states were later increased to 30 states. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. /F1 6 0 R It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . >> To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. Email Address. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. << There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? by the federal or any state government. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. The Plural nature of Nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Each state has the same level of self-governance. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. %PDF-1.5 Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. /Length 14727 >> This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Best information base for latest information both national and international. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. /F7 24 0 R Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Federalism in India. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. /Width 371 The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man.
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